د. عمر عبدالعزیز
پێناس و گرنگى و بایه‌خى ئاشتى
ئاشتى به‌شێوه‌یه‌كى گشتى حه‌زو خولیاى مرۆڤه‌كانه، كه‌داخوازى و پێداویستیه تاكه‌كه‌سی و كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تى و ئابورى و سیاسیه‌كان، ده‌یخوازن. بۆیه ئاشتى به‌یه‌كێك له‌به‌ها مه‌زنه‌كانى مرۆڤایه‌تى ده‌ژمێردرێ له‌سه‌رانسه‌رى مێژووى مرۆڤایه‌تیدا، هه‌م په‌یامه ئاسمانیه‌كان هه‌م یاساو ڕێسا زه‌مینییه‌كان، جه‌ختیان له‌سه‌ر كردۆته‌وه. ڕه‌نگه ئه‌م گرنگى و بایه‌خه واى كردبێ كه ده‌سته‌واژه‌ى (سلم)و به‌شه‌كانى نزیكه‌ى 50جار له‌قورئانى پیرۆزدا ، دووباره ببنه‌وه.
دیاره پرسى ئاشتى بابه‌تێكى تێهه‌ڵكێش كراوه له‌گه‌لأ(ئاسایش) و (ئارامى)و ڕێككه‌وتنامه‌كانى ئاشته‌وایى و، ڕه‌تكردنه‌وه‌ى شه‌ڕو ناكۆكیه‌كان، بۆیه ده‌سته‌ى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان له‌بنه‌ڕه‌ته‌وه كه ساڵى 1945ده‌مه‌زرا، بۆ به‌ره‌نگاربوونه‌وه‌ى شه‌ڕو، پاراستنى (ئاشتى جیهانیى)، وه‌ك ده‌رهاویشته‌یه‌كى جه‌نگى جیهانیى دووه‌م، كه ده‌یان هه‌زار قوربانیى و، ماڵوێرانییه‌كى زۆرى لێكه‌وته‌وه، چونكه پێشتر ده‌سته‌ى نه‌ته‌وه‌كان ناسراو به (عصبه الأمم) هیچیان پێ نه‌كرا. له‌و سۆنگه‌یه‌وه ڕۆژى 21ى ئه‌یلولى هه‌موو ساڵێك كراوه‌ته (ڕۆژى ئاشتى جیهانیى)و، تیایدا چه‌ندین سیمینار سازده‌كرێ و، چالاكى جۆراو جۆر ئه‌نجام ده‌درێ،
له‌ئه‌نسكلۆپیدیاى جیهانى عه‌ره‌بیدا به‌م جۆره پێناسى جیهانى ئاشتى كراوه: (ئاشتى بریتییه له‌حاڵه‌تى هێوریى و ئارامى و نه‌بوونى دڵه‌ڕاوكێ. له‌دیدى سه‌ربازى و سیاسیشه‌وه، ئاشتى یانى نه‌بوونى جه‌نگ و توندوتیژیى….)(1)
كورته مێژوویه‌كى ئاشتى:
له‌مێژووى مرۆڤایه‌تیدا هه‌روه‌ك جه‌نگ و ئاژه‌وه‌كانى تۆماركراون، ده‌یان هه‌وڵى ئاشتى و ئاشته‌واییش له‌جۆرو قه‌واره‌ى جیاجیادا تۆماركراون، هه‌ر له‌ئیمپراتۆریه‌تى ڕۆمانى یه‌وه ده‌سته‌واژه‌ى (ئاشتى ڕۆمانى) له‌سه‌روبه‌ندى پێش میلادو پاش میلاددا سه‌رى هه‌ڵدا. له‌سه‌ده‌ى پێنجى زاینیدا هه‌ندێ جه‌نگ له‌ئه‌وروپا به‌رپابوون، بۆیه كڵێساى مه‌سیحى كه‌وته هه‌وڵى ئاشتى و، ده‌سته‌واژه‌كه‌ى تریان داهێنا به‌ناوى (ئاگربه‌ستى خوا) (هدنه الله)و، چه‌ند ڕۆژێكیان جیاكرده‌وه بۆ شه‌ڕو ناكۆكى. هه‌روه‌ها زاراوه‌ى (ئاشتى خوا)شیان داهێنا، كه به‌پێى ئه‌وه شه‌ڕیان له‌هه‌ندێ شوێن حه‌رام كرد…..
دیاره له‌زۆربه‌ى حاڵه‌ته‌كاندا زۆرێك له‌هێزو هۆزو نه‌ته‌وه‌كان پابه‌ند نه‌بوون به‌و بڕیارانه‌ى كڵێساوه، بۆیه ده‌یان جه‌نگى خوێناویى له‌ئه‌وروپادا ڕوویاندا. هه‌رچه‌ند هه‌وڵى سه‌ركرده ئاینیه‌كان به‌رده‌وام بوو.
له‌سه‌ده‌ى 7دا قه‌شه‌یه‌كى فه‌ڕه‌نسى پڕۆژه‌ى (ئاشتى هه‌میشه‌یى) پێشكه‌ش كردو، تیایدا داواى پێكهێنانى ئه‌نجومه‌نى پیرانى ئه‌وروپاى كرد. له‌سه‌ره‌تاى سه‌ده‌ى 18شدا یه‌كه‌م ڕێكخراوى ئاشتى له‌ئه‌مه‌ریكا دامه‌زراو، به‌دوایدا له 1866دا (یه‌كێتى جیهانى ئاشتى) ڕاگه‌یه‌نرا. له‌سه‌ده‌ى نۆزده‌دا ده‌یان كۆنگره‌ى تایبه‌ت به‌ئاشتى گرێدران، ساڵى 1843 له‌له‌نده‌ن، 1848 له‌بڕۆكسلى پایته‌ختى به‌لجیكا، 1849له‌پاریس، 1850 له فرانكفۆرتى ئه‌ڵمانیا، له 1899 و 1907دوو كۆنگره‌ى گرنگ له لاهاى هۆڵه‌ندا به‌ستران بۆ سنورداركردنى چه‌ك، به‌ڵام وڵاتان پابه‌ندى بڕیاره‌كانیان نه‌بوون، بۆیه جه‌نگى جیهانى یه‌كه‌م هه‌ڵگیرسا. وه‌ك ده‌ره‌نجامى شه‌ڕه‌كه له‌ساڵى 1918دا، 42وڵات كۆمه‌ڵه‌ى وڵاتان (عصبه الأمم) یان دامه‌زراند بۆ پاراستنى ئاشتى له‌جیهاندا.
به‌ڵام وڵاتانى ئه‌ندام نه‌یانتوانى پابه‌ندبن به‌ڕێكه‌وتنامه‌كانى ئاشتى و بڕیاره‌كانى (عصبه الأمم)ه‌وه، بۆیه پاش چاره‌كه سه‌ده‌یه‌ك له‌جه‌نگى یه‌كه‌م، جه‌نگى دووه‌مى جیهانى هه‌ڵگیرسا، به‌دوایدا ده‌مه‌زراوه‌یه‌كى ترى گه‌وره‌و جیهانیى به‌ناوى ده‌سته‌ى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان (هیئه الأمم المتحده) به‌به‌شدارى نوێنه‌رانى په‌نجا وڵات ڕاگه‌یه‌نراو، پاش ساڵێك (عصبه الأمم)هه‌ڵوه‌شێنرایه‌وه… (2)
نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان له هه‌مان ساڵى 1945 به‌ڵێننامه‌یه‌كى 111مادده‌یان مۆركرد به‌ناوى (به‌ڵێننامه‌ى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان) و زۆربه‌ى خاڵه‌كانى ته‌رخانكران بۆ باسى ئاشتى و ئاسایشى نێو نه‌ته‌وه‌یى و، په‌یوه‌ندى دۆستانه‌و، هاوكاریى و، یه‌كسانیى مافه‌كان و، چاره‌ى ئاشتیانه‌ى كێشه‌كان.. ته‌نانه‌ت یه‌كه‌م ئامانج له‌و به‌ڵێننامه‌یه بریتى بوو له(پاراستنى ئاشتى و ئاسایشى نێو نه‌ته‌وه‌یى).
دیاره شكسته‌كانى ده‌سته‌ى گشتى وڵاتان و ڕێكخراوى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان، له‌به‌ر قه‌راركردنى ئاشتیدا واىكرد له‌زۆرێك كه‌بیرمه‌ندانى سیاسى و كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تى خۆرئاوا ڕێبازێك ڕاگه‌یه‌نن به‌ناوى (ئاشتى –السلمیه)، كه بۆیه‌كه‌م جار ساڵى 1901 له‌كۆنگره‌ى ده‌یه‌مى ئاشتى جیهانیى له گلاسكۆ ڕاگه‌یه‌نراو، به‌دوایدا زاره‌واى (السلمیه المگلقه) (ئاشتى ڕه‌ها)دا هات وه شوێنكه‌وتوانى ئه‌م ڕێبازه هه‌موو چالاكیه‌كانیان چڕكرده‌وه دژى شه‌ڕه‌كان و دواتریش به‌ره‌نگارى هه‌وڵى خۆپڕچه‌ككردنى وڵاتان بوونه‌وه(3)
ئه‌وه‌ى جێى سه‌رنجه ئه‌وه‌یه له‌م پانتاییه مێژووییه‌دا ژنانى نیوه‌ى كۆمه‌ڵگه‌كان ون بوون و، به‌شدارنه‌كراون و، كاریگه‌رییان له‌سه‌ر ئاشتى جیهانیى فه‌رامۆش كراوه.
كه‌مته‌رخه‌مى ڕێكخراوه‌كانى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان به‌رامبه‌ر به‌ژنان:
ڕێكخراوه‌و دامه‌زراوه‌كانى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان دان به‌و ڕاستییه‌دا ده‌نێن، كه‌سه‌ره‌ڕاى گرنگى و كاریگه‌ریى ژنان له‌پڕۆسه‌ى ئاشتى جیهانیدا، ڕۆڵ به‌ژنان نه‌دراوه. بۆیه هه‌ر له‌سه‌رده‌مى (عصبه الأمم)ه‌وه تاساڵى 2000-واته زیاتر له 80سالأ- ده‌یان ڕێكخراوه‌و دامه‌زراوه‌ى ده‌سته‌ى گشتى و نه‌ته‌وه‌یه‌كگرتووه‌كان، نه‌یانتوانى پێگه‌ى ژنان له‌ده‌زگاكانیاندا بپارێزن‌و، وه‌ك پێویست جیایان بكه‌نه‌وه دیاره ئه‌و لاخستن و پله دووییه‌ى كه‌به‌ژنان درابوو، به‌تایبه‌تى تا چاخى ڕێنسانس و بێداربوونه‌وه‌ى ئه‌وروپا له‌سه‌ده‌ى 16دا- ڕه‌نگدانه‌وه‌ى زاڵبوونى بیرى ته‌وراتیى شێوێنرابوو، كه ده‌قه‌كانى پڕن له‌سوكایه‌تى به‌ژن و له‌قه‌ڵه‌مدانى ژنان وه‌ك دروستكراوێكى ته‌رخانكراو بۆ خزمه‌تى پیاوان(4).
به‌هه‌رحالأ بۆیه‌كه‌مجار ساڵى 2000 بڕیارى ژماره 1325ى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان 2-ده‌ركراو، تیایدا ئاماژه‌كرا به‌بایه‌خى به‌شداریى ژنان له‌ئاشیدا، وه‌ك ڕه‌گه‌زێكى كارا بۆ قه‌ده‌غه كردنى ناكۆكیه‌كان، بۆیه له‌و بڕیاره‌دا كه له 18خاڵ پێك هاتووه داواكراوه ژنان له‌گفتوگۆكانى ئاشتیدا به‌شدارییان پێ بكرێت.(5)
له‌به‌رئه‌وه ده‌یه‌ى یه‌كه‌مى سه‌ده‌ى 21به‌سه‌رتایه‌كى گونجاو ده‌ژمێردرێ له‌وریا هاتنه‌وه‌ى ڕێكخراوى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان، له‌لایه‌نى ئاوڕدانه‌وه له‌به‌شداریكردنى ژنان له‌بڕیارو ڕاسپارده‌و دام و ده‌زگاكانیدا.
بۆیه له‌ساڵى 2008شدا بڕیارى ژماره 1820ى ده‌ركردو، تیایدا دوپات كراوه‌ته‌وه كه توندوتیژیى سێكسى دژى ژنان ڕۆڵى هه‌یه له‌ناكۆكیه‌كانداو، بڕیاره‌كه ئه‌و جۆره توندوتیژییه وه‌ك یه‌كێك له‌ئامڕازه‌كانى جه‌نگ ده‌ناسێنێت، بگره وه‌ك تاوانى جه‌نگ له‌قه‌ڵه‌مى داوه. بۆیه شێلگیرانه داواى پاراستنى خه‌ڵكى مه‌ده‌نى به‌تایبه‌تى ژنان ده‌كات له‌توندوتیژى سێكسى.
به‌و هۆیه‌وه ساڵێك پاش ئه‌و بڕیاره‌و له 2009دا بڕیارى ژماره 1888ى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان داوا له نێرده‌كانى خۆى ده‌كا- نێرده‌كانى تایبه‌ت به‌ئاشتى و ئاسایش- كه ژن و منداڵان بپارێزن له‌توندوتیژى سێكسى و ده‌ستدرێژیى ئه‌خلاقى له‌كاتى ناكۆكیه‌كاندا.
كاتێكیش ئه‌نجومه‌نى ئاسایشى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان هه‌ستى كردووه كه بڕیاره‌كانى مه‌ره‌كه‌بى سه‌ركاغه‌زن و جێبه‌جێ ناكرێن، له‌ماوه‌ى سێ ساڵدا سێ بڕیارى ترى ده‌ركردووه، بڕیارى (1960) و(2106)و (2122)، تیایاندا جه‌خت كراوه‌ته‌وه له‌سه‌ر به‌دواداچوونى بڕیاره پێشووه‌كانى تایبه‌ت به‌قه‌ده‌غه‌كردنى ده‌ستدرێژى سێكسی بۆ سه‌ر ژنان، وه‌ك ئامڕازێكى جه‌نگ. هه‌روه‌ها داواى لێپرسینه‌وه ده‌كه‌ن له شكێنه‌رانى بڕیاره گرنگه‌كه‌ى 1325، واته له‌به‌شدارینه‌كردنى ڕه‌گه‌زى ژنان له‌هه‌موو قۆناغه‌كانى ڕێگرتن له‌ناكۆكیه‌كان(6). كه ده‌روازه‌یه‌كه بۆ ئاشتى و، ژنان ده‌توانن ڕۆڵى كاراو كاریگه‌ریى تێدا ببینن.
به‌ڵام ئه‌وه‌ى نكوڵیى ناكرێ ئه‌وه‌یه كه نه‌بڕیاره‌كانى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان و نه دوپاتكردنه‌وه‌كانى و، نه‌بڕیاره‌كانى به‌دواداچوونیان، داواى زۆربه‌ى ژنانى جیهان به‌تایبه‌تى ژنانى خۆرهه‌ڵاتى ناوه‌ڕاست- یان نه‌دا، به‌ڵكو له‌هه‌موو جه‌نگ و ناكۆكیه‌كاندا ژنان بوونه قوربانى ململانێكان، ڕه‌نگه ئاوڕدانه‌وه‌یه‌ك له‌مه‌ینه‌تیه‌كانى ژنانى پاشماوه‌ى ئه‌نفالى كوردستان و ژنانى بۆسنه‌و كۆسۆفا و كشمیرو شیشان و فلیپین و فه‌له‌ستین و چه‌ندین شوێنى تر، نمونه‌ى زیندووبن له‌سه‌ر ئه‌وه‌ى بڕیارى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان له‌مه‌ڕ ژنان زیاتر له‌دروشم ده‌چن و له‌مه‌ره‌كه‌بى سه‌ر كاغه‌زه‌وه نزیكن.
خه‌تاو هه‌ڵوێستى وڵاتانى زلهێز:
ڕه‌نگه ئه‌و ڕاستیه‌ش نه‌شاردرێته‌وه كه وڵاته زلهێزه‌كان خه‌تاى گه‌وره‌یان هه‌یه. له‌ڕه‌نگڕێژكردنى سیاسه‌تى مامه‌ڵه له‌گه‌لأ ژنان، چ له‌ڕووى دیاریكردنى ماف و تایبه‌تمه‌ندیه‌كانى، چ له‌ڕووى دۆزینه‌وه‌ى كارو ئه‌ركه‌كانى بۆیه وه‌ك ڕه‌هه‌نده به‌رفراوانه‌كانى ژیانى تاكیى و خێزانى و كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تیدا نه‌یانتوانى ژنان بخه‌نه سه‌ر ڕایه‌ڵه‌ى سروشتى خۆى، له‌ئه‌ركى ئاشتیى و خێزانى و ئاشتى كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تیى و ئاشتى و ئاسایشى جیهانیشدا، سودمان له‌وزه‌و توانا زۆره‌كانى ژنانى سه‌رچاوه‌ى سۆزو میهره‌بانیى وه‌رئه‌گرن.
ڕه‌نگه هه‌ڵسه‌نگاندنى ئێمه لاى ئه‌وان و، شوێنكه‌وتووان و، یان موعجیبات به‌وان بایه‌خێكى ئه‌وتۆى نه‌بێ، بۆیه دوو نموونه له‌قسه‌و هه‌ڵوێستى گه‌وره بیرمه‌ندو سیاسیه‌كانى خۆیان ده‌هێنمه‌وه.
(میخائیل گوربا چۆفى)ى گه‌وره سه‌ركرده‌ى ڕیفۆرمخوازانى سۆڤیه‌تى جاران له‌كتێبى (بنیاتنانه‌و بیرۆسترۆیكا)كه‌یدا ڕاشكاوانه‌و ڕاستگۆیانه ده‌ڵێت: (به‌درێژایى ساڵانى خه‌باتمان نه‌مانتوانى گرنگیه‌كى ئه‌وتۆ به مافه تایبه‌ته‌كانى ژنان بده‌ین. نه‌مانتوانى داخوازیه‌كانى دایكایه‌تى و ماڵداریى ژنان ده‌سته‌به‌ر بكه‌ین. نه‌مانتوانى ئه‌ركى فێركاریى و پێگه‌یاندن و په‌روه‌رده‌ى منداڵانى فێربكه‌ین…)
گوربا چۆف، ڕه‌خنه‌ى زۆر له‌وه‌ش ده‌گرێ كه ئه‌ركى پیاوان دراوه به‌سه‌ر ژنانداو، كات نه‌ماوه‌ته‌وه بۆ هه‌ستان به‌ئه‌ركى په‌روه‌رده‌ى خێزانى. ده‌ڵێت:”بۆمان ده‌ركه‌وت زۆربه‌ى گرفته‌كانمان له‌هه‌ڵسوكه‌وتى منداڵان و لاوانماندایه. ده‌ركه‌وت گرفتمان له‌ڕووى مه‌عنه‌ویى و كلتورى و فه‌رهه‌نگییه‌وه. ته‌نانه‌تن به‌شێك له‌گرفته‌كانى به‌رهه‌مهێنان و گه‌شه‌كردنمان ده‌گه‌ڕێنه‌وه بۆ داڕمانى په‌یوه‌ندیه خێزانیه‌كان‌و، هه‌ڵوێستى شل و شێواومان له‌به‌رپرسیارێتى خێزانیدا)، له‌كۆتایى ئه‌م باسه گرنگه‌یدا (گورباچۆف) داوا ده‌كات كه ژنان بگه‌ڕێنه‌وه بۆ په‌یامى ڕاسته‌قینه‌ى خۆیان، كه ناوى ناوه (په‌یامى ژنیه‌تى)و، بایه‌خدان به‌به‌ها ڕه‌وشتیه‌كان”. (4ب).
له‌ئه‌زمونه لیبراڵیه‌كه‌ى ئه‌مه‌ریكاشدا (جێمس بێكه‌ر)ى وه‌زیرى پێشووى ده‌ره‌وه‌ى ئه‌مریكا ده‌ڵێت: “به‌ڕاستى ئه‌م قه‌یرانه ڕه‌وشتییه‌ى ئێسته كه تێى كه‌وتوین ده‌گه‌ڕێته‌وه بۆ ساڵانى شه‌سته‌كان، كه‌به‌ره‌ڵایى ڕه‌وشتى سه‌ریهه‌ڵداو، پاش تێكچوونى ڕه‌وشتى تاكه‌كان، كه‌وتینه لۆمه‌ى كۆمه‌ڵگه(!)”.
“گومانى تێدا نیه كه ئه‌زموونى شومى ئه‌مریكا له‌به‌ره‌ڵڵایى كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تیه‌وه پێش 30سال سه‌ریهه‌ڵدا. ڕه‌نگه 30ساڵى تر پێویست بێ تا ڕه‌خنه‌ى له‌م پڕۆسه‌یه بگرین و شى بكه‌ینه‌وه”. له‌وتارێكى تردا ده‌ڵێت: “ئه‌و په‌تیاره‌یى و به‌ره‌ڵڵاییه كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تییه چه‌ندین نه‌وه‌ى نامه‌سئولى بۆ خستینه‌وه. بۆیه له‌ئێستاى ئه‌مریكادا- وه‌ك ئه‌و ده‌ڵێ- له‌هه‌ر پێنج خوله‌كێكدا سێ تاوان ڕوو ده‌ده‌ن له‌تاوانى كوشتن، تاوانى دزین، تاوانى ده‌ستدرێژى ئه‌خلاقى، بۆیه ئێمه ساڵانه بۆ به‌ره‌نگاربوونه‌وه‌ى تاوان زیاتر له 80ملیار دۆلار ته‌رخان ده‌كه‌ین، ئیتر باخراپ به‌كارهێنانى سامان و گه‌نده‌ڵییه كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تیه‌كان بوه‌ستێ، كه بلێۆنه‌هاى بۆ خه‌رج ده‌كه‌ین…” (5.ب)
ئه‌مه دانپێدانانێكى مه‌ترسیداره له‌گه‌وره به‌رپرسێكى ئه‌مریكاوه، بۆیه پێویست به‌هێنانه‌وه‌ى نموونه‌ى تر ناكات، چونكه ئه‌وان پێشه‌نگ و سه‌رمه‌شقى زۆربه‌ى وڵاتانى ئه‌وروپین.
ژێده‌رو په‌ڕاوێزه‌كان:
1- الموسوعه العربیه العالمیه، مۆسسه أعمال الموسوعه للنشر، گ2، 1999، الریاچ، 13/28.
2- ئه‌م پوخته مێژووییه له‌هه‌مان سه‌رچاوه، به‌رگى 13، لا29-30، وه‌رگێڕاوه.
3- بۆ ئاشنایى زیاتر به‌ڕێبازى ئاشتێتى (السلمیه) سه‌یرى پێگه‌ى (مژاهب وأفكار)، هه‌روه‌ها الموسوعه العالمیه، 13/65، بكه.
4- سه‌یرى ده‌قى بڕیارى ژماره 1325ى ساڵى 2000ى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان بكه، له‌پێگه‌ى تایبه‌تى (U.N)به‌شى عه‌ره‌بى .(www.u.n.org).
4ب-به‌شێكى زۆرى كتێبى (برۆستۆریكا) ى (گورپاچۆف) ته‌رخانكراوه بۆ باسى ئافره‌ت و خێزان و كۆمه‌ڵگه له لاپه‌ڕه‌كانى 138، 139، 175. سه‌یرى بابه‌تى (المرأه فی الإسلام) بكه له‌سایتى (ویكیپیدیا).
5- سایتى نه‌ته‌وه یه‌كگرتووه‌كان.
5ب- ڕۆژنامه‌ى (الشرق الأوسگ)، ژماره (5730) له: 10/7/1994.
6- بۆ زانیارى زیاتر له‌سه‌ر دیدى ته‌وراتى شێوێنراوو بۆچوونه جووه‌كانى ده‌رباره‌ى ژنان سه‌یرى نامیلكه‌ى ژماره(2)ى زنجیره‌ى په‌یامه‌كانى خوشكان، نوسینى: عمر عبدالعزیز بكه.
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