هه‌ینی , تشرینی دووه‌م 22 2024

(قوامة) وەک بەرپرسیاریەتی، نه‌ك پاوانخوازى پیاوان

به‌ناز عومه‌ر
بابه‌تی ژن و پێگه‌ى له‌ناو ئاییندا یه‌كێكه‌ له‌و بابه‌تانه‌ى له‌سه‌رده‌مى نوێدا زۆرترین مشتومڕى له‌خۆی كۆكردوه‌ته‌وه‌، ده‌توانرێت بوترێت زۆرێك له‌وانه‌ی له‌بواری ژناندا ده‌نوسن ده‌كرێن به‌دوو به‌شی سه‌ره‌كیه‌وه‌، به‌شێكیان هه‌موو جۆره‌ سته‌م و ناعه‌داله‌تیه‌ك له‌ هه‌مبه‌ر ژن هه‌یه‌ ده‌خه‌نه‌ ئه‌ستۆی ئایین و، به‌شێكی دیكه‌شیان (ئایینداره‌كان) له‌ به‌رامبه‌ردا به‌رگرییه‌كى بێ پاساو ده‌كه‌ن و خۆیانى لێ لاده‌ده‌ن.
سته‌م به‌رامبه‌ر ژن دیارده‌یه‌كى مێژووییه‌و به‌درێژایی مێژوو ڕوبه‌ڕوى بووه‌ته‌وه‌و په‌یوه‌ست نییه‌ به‌ئاینێكى دیاریكراوه‌وه‌، كه‌ئه‌مه‌ش ده‌ره‌نجامى كۆمه‌ڵگه‌ى پیاوسالارییه‌، وه‌ك د.عبدالكریم سروش ده‌ڵێ: (پیاوان به‌رمه‌بناى ناسین و ئه‌و وێنا كردنه‌ى له‌باره‌ى ژنه‌وه‌ هه‌یانه‌ مافیان به‌ژن داوه‌).
له‌پرسی ژن و ئاییندا ده‌بێت ڕه‌هه‌ندی سێیه‌م قسه‌ی لێوه‌ بكرێت ئه‌ویش تێگه‌شتنی ئایینیی، چونكه‌ ئه‌وه‌ی هه‌یه‌ له‌واقیعدا بریتیه‌ له‌ ته‌فسیری ئایین نه‌ك خودی ئایین، ره‌هه‌ندی یه‌كه‌م: بریتیه‌ له‌ ڕه‌هه‌ندی تێگه‌شتنی ئایینی، چونكه‌ تێگه‌شتن و ته‌فسیره‌ ئایینیه‌كان بریتین له‌ كارو تێگه‌شتن و ده‌ركی مرۆڤه‌كان و مرۆڤه‌كانیش ملكه‌چن بۆ ته‌سه‌ورات و جیهانبینی و به‌دیهیاته‌كانی سه‌رده‌می خۆیان ئه‌مه‌ش واده‌كات بڵێین تێگه‌یشتن له‌ده‌قه‌كان مێژووییه‌ (هیچ تێگه‌شتنێك له‌ ده‌ره‌وه‌ی مێژوه‌وه‌ بونی نیه‌)، ره‌هه‌ندی دووه‌م: له‌ روانگه‌ی تێروانینمان بۆ سیستم رێسا كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تیه‌كان، چونكه‌ سیستم و رێساو نۆرمه‌ كۆمه‌لایه‌تیه‌كان سیستمی مێژویین، به‌هاو شێوه‌ی تێگه‌شتنه‌ دیینیه‌كان و، نابێت چاوه‌ڕێی سیستم و ڕێسایه‌كى هه‌میشه‌یی بكه‌ین بۆ هه‌موو مرۆڤه‌كان و هه‌موو كۆمه‌ڵگاكان و هه‌موو سه‌رده‌مه‌كان، هه‌ر ئه‌وه‌ی ئاینی ئیسلامی سیستم و نۆرمێكی نه‌سه‌پاندوه‌ ده‌توانرێت به‌ گه‌وره‌یی دین هه‌ژمار بكرێت، چونكه‌ ده‌رفه‌تی ئه‌وه‌ی پێده‌دات ڕوبه‌ڕوى سه‌رده‌مه‌كان ده‌بێته‌وه‌و مرۆڤه‌كان ده‌توانن به‌پێی پێداویستییه‌كانى ئه‌و سه‌رده‌مه‌ لێی تێبگه‌ین, بوونى ته‌فسیره‌ جۆراوجۆره‌كان به‌ڵگه‌یه‌ له‌سه‌ر ئه‌م ڕاستییه‌.
ره‌هه‌ندی سێیه‌م: تێروانین و جیهانبینی مرۆڤه‌كان: جیاوازی تێگه‌شتنی مرۆڤه‌كان ناتوانرێت له‌ ده‌ره‌وه‌ی ئه‌م ره‌هه‌نده‌وه‌ ته‌فسیر بكرێت، بۆیه‌ ده‌توانین بڵێین هۆكارى جیاوازى تێگه‌یشتنمان له‌ده‌قه‌كان په‌یوه‌ست نییه‌ به‌ خودى ده‌قه‌كانه‌وه‌، به‌ڵكو به‌هۆى جیاوازى پێش گریمانه‌و دنیابینى و چاوه‌ڕوانى ئێمه‌وه‌یه‌ له‌ده‌قه‌كان.
كه‌واته‌ ده‌بێت پرسی ئافره‌ت وه‌ك هه‌ر پرسێكی تری ناو كۆمه‌ڵگه‌ی موسڵمانان بخرێته‌ ناو سونگه‌ی بایه‌خپێدان و به‌دواداچونه‌وه‌، یه‌كێك له‌و بابه‌تانه‌ى كه‌پێویسته‌ ته‌فسیرێكى نوێی بۆ بكرێت و جۆرى ته‌فسیره‌كان كاریگه‌رى ده‌بێت له‌سه‌ر مامه‌ڵه‌كردن و شێوازى ژیانى ژن بابه‌تى (قوامه‌)یه‌.
قوامه‌ له‌ قورئاندا
خواى گه‌وره‌ له‌قورئانى پیرۆزدا ئه‌فه‌رموێت: (الرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ على النِّسَا‌ء بِمَا فَضل اللَّهُ بَعْضهُمْ عَلى بَعْض وبِمَا أَنْفَقُوا مِنْ أَمْوالِهِمْ فَالصَّالِحَاتُ قَانِتَاتٌ حَافِظاتٌ لِلْغَیْبِ بِمَا حَفِظ اللَّهُ واللاتِی تَخَافُونَ نُشُوزَهُنَّ فَعِظوهُنَّ واهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِي الْمَضاجِعِ واضربُوهُنَّ فَإِنْ أَطعْنَكُمْ فَلا تَبْغُوا عَلیْهِنَّ سَبِیلًا إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِیًّا كَبِیرًا)النسا‌ء 34.
له‌زۆربه‌ی ته‌فسیره‌كاندا (قوامة) به‌ده‌سه‌ڵاتى ڕه‌هاى پیاو به‌سه‌ر ژندا ته‌فسیر كراوه‌, زۆربه‌ی موفه‌سیره‌كان له‌وانه‌ (قرطبي، غرناطي، ابن كثیر، سیوطي ….) به‌و جۆره‌ ڕاڤه‌ى ئه‌م ئایه‌ته‌یان كردووه‌ كه‌ ده‌سه‌ڵاته‌ به‌سه‌ر ژێرده‌سته‌دا (الولایة على رعایا) به‌وه‌ى كه‌ خواى گه‌وره‌ به‌ باشترو چاكترى داناون وه‌ كاتێك له‌ فه‌رمانه‌كانى ده‌رده‌چێت ئامۆژگارى ده‌كرێت پاشان لێی دوور ده‌كه‌وێته‌وه‌ وه‌ گه‌ر سودی نه‌بوو لێدانێك كه‌ برینداركه‌ر نه‌بێت لێی ده‌دات.
زۆرێك له‌ته‌فسیره‌كان كاریگه‌رن به‌فه‌لسه‌فه‌ى یۆنانى كه‌له‌ فه‌لسه‌فه‌ى یۆنانیدا ژن دروستكراوێكى جیاوازه‌ له‌كه‌سانى دیكه‌, ده‌سه‌ڵاتى ته‌واوى پیاو ده‌ده‌ن به‌سه‌ریدا. له‌ كاتێكدا هه‌ر سه‌رده‌مێك داخوازى ئه‌وه‌ ده‌كات به‌تێگه‌یشتنه‌ دینییه‌كاندا بچینه‌وه‌و ناكرێت ده‌رگاى ڕاڤه‌ كردن و خوێندنه‌وه‌ى نوێ دابخه‌ین ته‌نها به‌وانه‌ى له‌ سه‌رده‌مێكى زوودا كراون كه‌خواى گه‌وره‌ له‌چه‌ندین ئایه‌تدا داوامان لێده‌كات له‌ قورئانه‌كه‌ى ڕابمێنین و بیربكه‌ینه‌وه‌ وه‌ك ده‌فه‌رموێت (كَذلِكَ نُفَصِّلُ الاياتِ لِقَوْمٍ يتَفَكَّرُونَ) یونس 24.
ئه‌گه‌ر چى (قوامة) به‌چه‌ند مانایه‌كى جیاواز هاتووه‌ له‌ قوائاندا، به‌ڵام له‌ زۆربه‌ى ته‌فسیره‌كاندا ئه‌و مانایه‌ى بۆ كراوه‌ كه‌ ئاماژه‌مان پێ كرد، له‌م ئایه‌تانه‌دا به‌م مانایانه‌ هاتووه‌ (والَّذینَ هُمْ بِشَهَادَاتِهِمْ قَائِمُونَ ) المعارج 33، ( وطهِّرْ بَیْتِي لِلطائِفِینَ والْقَائِمِینَ والرُّكَّعِ السُّجُودِ ) الحج 26, (لیْسُوا سَوا‌ء ۗ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ أُمَّه‌ٌ قَائِمَه‌ٌ يتْلُونَ اياتِ اللَّهِ اناء اللَّیْلِ وهُمْ يسْجُدُونَ) ال عمران 113، (يا أَیُّهَا الَّذینَ امَنُوا كُونُوا قَوَّامِینَ بِالْقِسْط شُهَدَا‌ء لِلَّهِ ) النسا‌ء 135.
له‌م ئایه‌تانه‌وه‌ ده‌رده‌كه‌وێت كه‌وشه‌ى (قیام) به‌ماناى هه‌وڵدان و قورسی كێشان و ئه‌رك و چاودێرى دێت، نه‌ك به‌ماناى ده‌سه‌ڵات و پاوانخوازى. لاى عه‌ره‌بیش به‌م شێوه‌یه‌ به‌كاردێت كه‌ ده‌ڵێن (فلان لدیه‌ عبد قائم على خدمته‌) وه‌ (فلان یقوم على خدمة المسجد).
به‌ڕێوه‌بردنى ماڵ هاوبه‌شه‌ له‌نێوانیانداو ویست و بۆچوونى هه‌ریه‌كه‌یانى تێدایه‌و پێویسته‌ بنه‌ماى ڕاوێژكردن له‌سه‌رۆكایه‌تیه‌كه‌دا هه‌بێت, بۆیه‌ سه‌رۆكایه‌تى كردنى خێزان سه‌رۆكایه‌تییه‌كى ڕاوێژكارییه‌ و پاوانخوازى نییه‌ هه‌ركامیان له‌و ئه‌ركانه‌ى كه‌ هه‌یانه‌ ده‌رچن به‌ (ناشز) داده‌نرێن. خواى گه‌وره‌ ئه‌ركى له‌سه‌ر هه‌ردوو ڕه‌گه‌زه‌كه‌ داناوه‌ (قوامة) هاوبه‌شه‌ له‌نێوان هه‌ردوولاداو ئه‌ركه‌كانیان بۆ ته‌واوكردنى یه‌كترو بۆ ماڵێكى كه‌مال و ئاسوده‌یه‌و به‌پێی فه‌رمووده‌ى پێغه‌مبه‌ریش (د.خ) هه‌ریه‌كه‌ له‌تاكه‌كان و ژن و پیاویش به‌رپرسیارێتیان له‌سه‌ره‌ وه‌ك ده‌فه‌رمووێت (كلكم راع ومسؤول عن رعیته ، فالإمام راع ومسؤول عن رعیته ، والرجل في أهله راع وهو مسؤول عن رعیته ، والمرأه‌ في بیت زوجها راعیة وهی مسؤولة عن رعیتها ، والخادم في مال سیده راع وهو مسؤول عن رعیته . قال فسمعت هؤلا‌ء من النبی صلى الله علیه وسلم ، وأحسب النبی صلى الله علیه وسلم قال : والرجل في مال أبیه راع ومسؤول عن رعیته ، فكلكم راع ، وكلكم مسؤول عن رعیته)صحیح بخارى.
زۆرێك له‌ كتێبه‌كان ته‌فسیرێكى ئابووریان بۆ كردووه‌ به‌وه‌ى كه‌وا (وبِمَا أَنْفَقُوا مِنْ أَمْوالِهِمْ) ماناى ئه‌وه‌یه‌ كه‌ پیاو بژێوى ماڵ ده‌كێشێت بۆیه‌ (قوامة)ی هه‌یه‌، به‌ڵام له‌ ئێستادا له‌ زۆربه‌ى خێزانه‌كاندا بژێوى هاوبه‌شه‌ بۆیه‌ ده‌بێت له‌ (قوامة)شدا هاوبه‌شبن، هه‌ندێكى تر ئاماژه‌یان به‌بابه‌تى (تفضیل) داوه‌ به‌وه‌ى (بِمَا فَضل اللَّهُ بَعْضهُمْ على بَعْض) ماناى ئه‌وه‌یه‌ پیاوان باشترو گه‌وره‌ترن له‌ژنان به‌ڵام له‌ڕاستیدا به‌ ووردبوونه‌وه‌ له‌ ئایه‌ته‌كه‌ كه‌ ده‌فه‌رموێت (بَعْضهُمْ عَلى بَعْض) ماناى وایه‌ هه‌ندێ جار پیاو به‌سه‌ر ژندا هه‌یه‌تى و هه‌ندێك جار ژن به‌سه‌ر پیاودا هه‌یه‌تى.
له‌ ئایه‌ته‌كه‌دا كه‌باس له‌ (نشوز) ده‌كات له‌ ته‌فسیره‌كاندا هاتووه‌ كه‌ ده‌رچوونى ژنه‌ له‌ فه‌رمانى مێرده‌كه‌ى, ده‌كرێت به‌و شێوه‌یه‌ ته‌فسیر بكرێت كه‌ ده‌رچونه‌ له‌ هێڵى (قوامة) به‌وه‌ى لادانه‌ له‌و ئامانجه‌ى كه‌ خێزانى بۆ دروست بووه‌ كه‌ (موده‌ و رحمه‌)یه‌ وه‌ پشت گوێ خستنى ماڵ و خێزان وه‌ سه‌پاندنى ده‌سه‌ڵات كه‌ له‌ قورئاندا هاتووه‌ پیاویش (ناشز) ده‌بێت (وان امراة خافت من بعلها نشوزا او اعراضا )النسا‌ء 128 .
بابه‌تێكى ترى په‌یوه‌ست به‌ (قوامة) وه‌ بریتیه‌ له‌ بابه‌تى لێدانى ژن له‌لایه‌ن پیاوه‌وه‌ له‌ حاڵه‌تى ده‌رچوونى فه‌رمانه‌كانى، كه‌ ته‌فسیره‌ بۆ وشه‌ى (اضربوهن ) كه‌له‌ ئایه‌ته‌كه‌دا هاتووه‌ به‌ڵام له‌ ڕاستیدا وشه‌ى (ضرب) به‌چه‌ند مانایه‌كى جیاواز له‌قورئاندا هاتووه‌ كه‌له‌م ئایاته‌ پیرۆزانه‌دا به‌م مانایانه‌ هاتووه‌ (اخران من غیركم ان انتم ضربتم في الارض) المائدة 106(به‌ ماناى ڕۆیشتن)، ( واذا ضربتم فی الارض فلیس علیكم جناح ان تقصروا من الصلاة) النسا‌ء 101 (به‌ ماناى ڕۆیشتن و گه‌ڕان), (فلا تضربوا لله الامثال) النحل74 به‌ ماناى (نمونه‌ هێنانه‌وه‌), (ضرب الله مثلا عبدا مملوكا) النحل 75 به‌ ماناى (وصف), (ان اضرب بعصاك الحجر) البقرة 60 (كێشانى شتێك به‌ شتێكدا)، (فقلنا اضربوه ببعضها) البقرة 73 (یضربون وجوههم وادبارهم) الانفال50 (به‌ ماناى لێدان له‌خۆ).
به‌كارهێنانیشى لاى عه‌ره‌ب : وه‌ك (ابن منظور) ده‌ڵێت (ضرب) ئاوه‌ڵناوه‌و به‌شێكه‌ له‌كۆمه‌ڵێك شت, ده‌ڵێن (ئه‌مه‌ له‌ ضربى فڵان شته‌)، ده‌ڵێن (ضرب له المثل بكذا) به‌ ماناى نمونه‌ هێنانه‌وه‌, وه‌ ده‌ڵێن (ضرب في الارض) به‌ ماناى ڕۆیشتن، به‌ ماناى (التدابیر الصارمة الصفح والحكم والرفس).
له‌مانه‌ى سه‌ره‌وه‌ ده‌رده‌كه‌وێت كه‌ وشه‌ى (ضرب) به‌ چه‌ند مانایه‌كى جیاواز به‌كارهاتووه‌، به‌ڵام له‌لایه‌ن ڕاڤه‌كارانه‌وه‌ ته‌نها به‌ ماناى لێدان به‌كار هاتووه‌ ئه‌مه‌ش ده‌گه‌ڕێته‌وه‌ بۆ ئه‌و باكگراونده‌ له‌پێشینه‌ییه‌ى كه‌ هه‌یان بووه‌و له‌ كۆمه‌ڵگه‌ى پیاوسالاریه‌وه‌ وه‌ریان گرتووه‌. (ابی داود) ده‌ڵێت هه‌ندێك له‌ هاوه‌ڵان له‌ (اضربهن) به‌م مانا ڕاسته‌وخۆیه‌ تێگه‌شتبوون، به‌ڵام پێغه‌مبه‌ر (د.خ) لێیان ده‌رچوو وه‌ پێی وتن (لا تضربوا اما‌ء الله) ,ئه‌م قسه‌یه‌ى (ابی داود) ئاماژه‌دانه‌ به‌و فه‌رمووده‌یه‌ى پێغه‌مبه‌ر (د.خ) كه‌ ده‌فه‌رموێت (لا تضربوا إما‌ء اللَّه فجا‌ء عمَرُ إلى رسولِ اللَّهِ صلَّى اللَّهُ علیهِ وسلَّمَ فقال ذئرنَ النِّسا‌ء على أزواجِهِنَّ فرخَّصَ فی ضربِهِنَّ فأطافَ بالِ رسولِ اللَّهِ صلَّى اللَّهُ علیهِ وسلَّمَ نسا‌ء كثيرٌ يشكونَ أزواجَهُنَّ فقال النَّبیُّ صلَّى اللَّهُ علیهِ وسلَّمَ لقَد طافَ بالِ محمَّدٍ نِسا‌ء كثیرٌ يشكونَ أزواجَهُنَّ لیسَ أولئِكَ بخیاڕكُم) به‌ كورتى ماناى فه‌رمووده‌كه‌ ئه‌وه‌یه‌ كه‌(له‌ به‌نده‌ ئافره‌ته‌كانى خودا مه‌ده‌ن، عومه‌ر هاته‌ لاى پێغه‌مبه‌ر (د.خ) و وتى ئافره‌ته‌كان تۆران و جورئه‌تیان كرد به‌سه‌ر پیاوه‌كانیاندا، ئافره‌تانێكى زۆر چوونه‌ لاى نزیكه‌كانى پێغه‌مبه‌ر (د.خ) كه‌ شكاتیان له‌ هاوسه‌ره‌كانیان كرد و پێغه‌مبه‌ر (د.خ) فه‌رمووى: “ئافره‌تانێكى زۆر هاتوون شكاتیان له‌هاوسه‌ره‌كانیان كردووه‌ ئه‌وانه‌ى له‌ژنه‌كانیان ئه‌ده‌ن له‌ باشه‌كانى ئێوه‌ نین”.
ده‌كرێت بابه‌تێكى دیكه‌ بكه‌ینه‌ به‌ڵگه‌ له‌سه‌ر ئه‌وه‌ى كه‌ مه‌به‌ست له‌ (اضربهن) لێدان نییه‌ ئه‌ویش مامه‌ڵه‌ى نه‌رم و جوانى پێغه‌مبه‌ره‌ (د.خ) له‌ ژیانى خێزانیداو به‌ جۆرێك كه‌ له‌به‌رچاو هاوه‌ڵه‌كانیدا بفه‌رموێت خۆشه‌ویستترین كه‌س لام عائیشه‌ى خێزانمه‌ و، له‌ دوا وتارى ژیانیدا ئامۆژگاری ئه‌وه‌ بووه‌ كه‌ له‌گه‌ڵ ئه‌م توێژه‌ پڕ هه‌ست و سۆزه‌دا نه‌رم و نیان بن و به‌ جوانى ڕه‌فتار بكه‌ن كاتێك ده‌یفه‌رموو (رفقا بالقواریر) ئه‌وا ده‌یزانی چینى ئافره‌تان سته‌میان لێ ده‌كرێت بۆیه‌ به‌ خه‌مخۆرییه‌وه‌ ئه‌م په‌یامه‌ى بۆ پیاوان نارد.

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